Louise Erdrichs Tracks Essays -- Louise Erdrich Tracks Essays

Louise Erdrichs TracksIn Louise Erdrichs Tracks, the readers discovers by the second chapter that there are two fibbers, Nanapush and Pauline Puyat. This method of having two narrators express their stories alternately could be at first confusing, especially if the readers hasnt been briefed about it or hasnt read a synopsis of it. Traditionally, there is one narrator in the story, but Erdrich does an effective and spectacular job in combining Nanapush and Paulines stories. It is so well written that one might movement as he or she reads who is the principal character in this story? Being that there are two narrators, is it Nanapush, the first narrator, him being a musician in the story, who tells his story in the I form? Or is it Pauline, the second narrator, who also narrates in the I form? Upon further reading, the motive for both narrators stories become more distinct, and by the end of the book, it becomes clear that one character is the driving force for both of the narrat ors stories. This central character is Fleur Pillager. She in fact is the protagonist of Tracks. Even though she is express in dialogues, her actions speak more than words itself. Structurally speaking, Fleur is mentioned in every chapter of the book, either being referred to by the two narrators or being part of the story. In fact, after researching the unexampled several times, no other character including the two narrators is consistently mentioned in every chapter. In the first chapter, Nanapush tells Lulu, his granddaughter, about the fate of the Chippewa Tribe. He then spends most of the chapter discussing the beginning of Fleur, who is Lulus mother, and how he saved her life. In the second chapter, Pauline, the second narrator, begins her story gossiping about Fleur to an unknown tender in detail. Pauline continues to focus her story on Fleurs life, discussing in length of incidents about her. Paulines obsessive behavior becomes more evident when shes in Argus with Fleur. S ince that night (in Argus), Fleur puts me in the closet, I was no longer jealous or afraid of her, but follow her close as Russell (Paulines cousin), closer, stayed with her, became her moving shadow that the men never noticed (22).Therefore, in these two chapters both narrators set the stage for telling their stories on their account of Fleur. not o... ...med to gain attention by telling odd tales that created damage (39). Her presence to him is more like a pesky fly that wont go away. It is this lack of attention by others in which drives Pauline to tell her story.Looking back at the atom theory stated earlier, if we exclude Nanapush and his story from Tracks, what we permit left is Paulines obsession with Fleur. In Paulines eyes, as well as others, Fleur is good- looking, mysteriously powerful and dangerous. In contrast to her who is a skinny, big-nosed girl with staring eyes who is also so poor-looking (15). Pauline notices these differences and in effect becomes jealous of Fl eur because of all the attention she receives from people. She sees herself in competition with Fleur. At first, Pauline just wants to be close to Fleur, but by the end she wants to be better than her. Within her story, the argument that Pauline is the protagonist and that Fleur is her antagonist could be valid, but if you look at the novel in its entirety, meaning the structure and content, the principal character that emerges from it is Fleur Pillager. Work CitedErdrich, Louise. TracksNew York Harper & Row, 1988

Oranges are Not the Only Fruit and the two letters in The Color Purple

Oranges are Not the Only Fruit and the two letters in The blazon PurpleThe Chapter Joshua in Oranges are Not the Only Fruit and the twoletters in The Color Purple, where Sofia returns and later getsbrutally punished for her confrontation, twain explore fundamentalissues that characterize a lot of the essence of both novels as awhole. At the heart of both of these two sections is the idea of fight for the justness and facing the consequences. Although Orangesare non the Only Fruit is written in a retrospective light and TheColor Purple in informal and consecutively in chronological order,there are similarities within the two styles, they use similartechniques in getting across certain issues. The novels use the massaround Jeanette and Celie to convey oppression and hope.Janets church people and mother have found out about her unnaturalpassions for Melanie. To them their opinion at its wrongs andsinfulness is not opinion but fact. Thus for Janets own benefitthey lock her up with no food or light, inflicting an exorcism on her.They believe she is demon feature and deficiency to rid her of the evil.In this period of confinement, Jeanette questions her sexuality andits wrongs. She states Can cheat really belong to the demon. Sherealizes that her feelings are not from external influences, butrather from herself. - If they want to get at my demon theyll haveto get me. She is controlled with the idea of the church, and at thesame time the naturalness she feels with the feelings Demons areevil, arent they? She then goes on to say scarce in the Bible youkeep getting driven out. - Dont believe all you read. This initself is addressing the idea of oppression from the chu... ...d this givesway to the proceedings in the novel as a whole. In The Color Purple,we are left with Celie caring for Sofia who has been so brutally tothe ground. Sofia was imprisoned and left to face the circumstancesfor standing up for what is right. She is thus a heroine in her ownright an d is an example for Celie. Jeanette was imprisoned (exorcism)and came out of it knowing that she was going to put up a fight forher own truth and to face the circumstances.In Oranges are Not the Only Fruit as a whole, the Joshua sectionstands for truth and Jeanette decides to fight and this indicates thefuture progression of the novel. In The Color Purple, Celie sees truthbeing fought for and the result of this fight. These gives herdetermination and if can fight like that, she can at least fightagainst male patriarchal Oppression and her love for Slug.

Feline Companionship in Cat in the Rain Essay -- Cat in the Rain Essay

Feline Companionship in beep in the Rain   I chose to write about Hemingways Cat in the Rain in part because it is one of the few of his stories I have read which has an repealing. There is a specific event at the end of the story which wraps up the storys events and gives the reader a sense of finality not found in most of Hemingways short works. Written in his characteristic slight style, Cat in the Rain is reckoningly simple in plot and character, but a careful reading reveals deeper meaning behind its elements. The American wifes following to save a kitty from the pouring rainfall becomes a more complex statement about her frustration and her isolation from human comforts. I think of the portrayal of the wife captures these feelings which many women can recognize.   In the first paragraph, the theme of isolation is introduced, as the author tells about the American couple on unusual soil with no friends or acquaintances. He also describes the beautiful park below the window and the many people who come to enjoy it, only to affix that it is now raining and the wife may only look out the window and dream. The wife soon sees the poor cat, getting drenched in the rain and feels sympathy for it. Her reading husband is indifferent to her discovery, except to volunteer half-heartedly to get the cat (most likely to keep her from complaining). The woman can not seem to connect with her husband, who treats her almost like an annoying child, as much as with the pathetic cat outside.   As she ventures out of the room to rescue the cat, she first passes the hotel-keeper in his office. In a series of parallel phrases, the author describes the hotel-keeper, or padrone, and what the woman likes about him. This passage sho... ...he husbands complacency about his wife and her desire for respect, admiration, and emotional fulfillment. A related but more direct contrast is between the husband and the padrone, who represent the status quo and the desires of the wife, respectively.   In the final few paragraphs, Hemingway mentions that it is getting dark outside, and by and by that it was quite dark and still raining in the palm trees (170). Then, just before the maid comes to the door with the cat, a light comes on in the square. The hail of light seems to correlate with the hopes of the wife and the chance she has to change her situation. The light near the end is a signal for the arrival of the cat, a gift from the hotel-keeper. The reader is left over(p) to wonder whether the woman will demand more respect from her husband now that she has experienced a feeling of importance and self-worth.

Clockworks Orange :: Free Essays Online

Clockworks OrangeIn the 1960s our developing world faces many of its impurities. The youth of this nation commove for equal right, equality of the races and freedom of speech. But not all the protests are legal. Many people are guilty of treason and mustiness be penalise but with an over crowded prison system were will these political prisoners be sent. The common criminals are flooding the system with there petty robbers, assaults and murders. We command to deal with the common criminal before we goat deal with the political. The novel The Clockwork Orange written by Anthony Burgess depicts the look of a child of the wickedness (Alex). Him and his droogs (friends) see life as something worthless as they rape, assault and murder their way though their teenage-hood. To help cure this problem the government comes up with a new way a deal with criminals. This method included the relation between crime and physical pain. The method is first used on Alex when he was arrested. It wor ks and he is released into society a violence free man. In the end Alex grows out of the treatment and goes back on a crime spree. He continues this until he grows out of teenage hood. The novel itself is well written, though it is a hard read. It contains over 200 Russian words that the reader must decode themselves due to the fact that Anthony Burgess will not allow a glossary in any of his printings. The novel which is narrated by the man character pulls you into his life and shows the reader what goes through the mind of the criminally insane. The flow of the novel is easy to follow with little confusion on what is in each section. Many insights can be derived from this book and it can be used to support many different topics. A well rounded book that gives the reader wanting more. The mogul of youth is growing in the 60s. Teenager fight for their rights but when they have nothing more to fight for they will need something else to do. Most teens when bored overrule to drug an d crime as a source of pleasure. To deal with this me must stop it by sending the youth to correctional facilities. When these dont work adult punishments must be given. But what if we could trace back into the mind and find why we commit crimes.

Gullivers Travels †Innocent Nature Essay -- Gullivers Travels Essay

Gullivers Travels Innocent Nature       I disagree that Gulliver is a naive narrator and therefore doesnt see a union between knowledge and the acquisition of power. As R.Davis and R. Schleifer wrote, Gulliver, gullibly suited like the rest of us, never quite understands the ... relationship between knowledge and power. There is a actually close relationship between knowledge and power. With them being such important traits, each one seems to be included with the other. In Gullivers Travels, by Jonathan Swift, the use of sarcastic writing on both the island of Lilliput and Brobdingang serve to make the narrator a gullible character therefore excusing critiques of English government and politics.   On the island of Lilliput, in Jonathan Swifts book, Gullivers Travels, Gullivers unobjectionable nature satirize the story. Upon arriving mysteriously on Lilliput, Gulliver was tied down and his weapons taken away. To his surprise his captors were only six inches tall. Gullivers pacifist attitude allowed him to befriend the Lilliputians,...

Gullivers Travels †Innocent Nature Essay -- Gullivers Travels Essay

Gullivers Travels Innocent Nature       I disagree that Gulliver is a naive narrator and therefore doesnt see a connection among knowledge and the erudition of power. As R.Davis and R. Schleifer wrote, Gulliver, gullibly suited like the rest of us, never quite understands the ... relationship between knowledge and power. There is a very close relationship between knowledge and power. With them being such important traits, each one seems to be included with the other. In Gullivers Travels, by Jonathan Swift, the use of satirical writing on both(prenominal) the island of Lilliput and Brobdingang serve to make the narrator a gullible character therefore excusing critiques of English government and politics.   On the island of Lilliput, in Jonathan Swifts book, Gullivers Travels, Gullivers innocent nature satirize the story. Upon arriving enigmatically on Lilliput, Gulliver was tied down and his weapons taken away. To his surprise his captors were only six inches tall. Gullivers pacifist attitude allowed him to befriend the Lilliputians,...

Operations Management Essay

IntroductionA conventional bricks and trench trench plaster grocery does not gull an online presence, only a fleshly one. It is built on a face-to-face client table service, and usually al slipway has a building for their operations. A brick and mortar grocery has advantages and disadvantages comp ared to an online operation, like Theorganicgrocer.com. First of all, their major disadvantage is the overhead. The cost of property, insurance, taxes and staff is much higher for a brick and mortar operation than an online operation. The biggest advantage for a brick and mortar operation is customer security. To a customer, if a company has physical presence, it is seen as more reliable as the company is far less likely to be quiet overnight and disappear. Online operations on the new(prenominal) hand seem to dedicate maximum exposure and increased profits.Most people however, seem to be chthonic the impression that running an online operation will be an easy task but it can be somewhat challenging. Online operations require less enthronisation and more decision making. Decisions are practically the biggest investments made in the online world. Decisions on what the website should look like, how the products are going to be listed, in which way should the products be marketed would have to be made. Theorganicgrocer.com is based on market research and they focus on dependability, reliability, timeliness, quality, and price. They offer speech communication, organic produce and customer specified date and time of delivery. obscure from that, they make sure that their website is constantly updated to reflect the current price. They believe that the key to their success is the simplicity of use of their website.Question 1What are the comparative functional differences of a conventional bricks and mortar grocery to an online operation? What are the comparative think of trains for each system?Comparative carrying outs Bricks and Mortar Operation Online Ope ration Display Customers are able to physically touch and handle items that they are interested in buying. Customers can only see pictures, graphics and texts that learn the product that they are interested in buying. Expense Usually require a bigger budget to lease space, rent property and to pay for other side expenses. Smaller budget as they do not have to worry about building leases or property expense. Location Has a physical craft location which limits the amount of customer traffic and foot traffic from shoppers, especially if they are not in a bigger city or metro area They are not limited to one location and have no geographical boundaries.They can service local, national, and international customers. Communication there is face to face interaction with customers. It is hard to communicate with customers through an online store.Online retailers may have a hard time getting information across to the customer and must be sure to answer all possible questions by the cus tomers through text and graphics on the site so there is no confusion during the purchase. Technology Uses the same technology that has been around for years and rarely changes. Technology is constantly changing and there is a need to keep up and adjust accordingly. Inventory Has a large amount of Inventory on hand. Re-orders before the inventory runs out and there is a shortage of stock. Has a lesser amount of Inventory on hand.Only re-orders when customers request for it. Work Hours Have traditional or at least set hours. This helps local customers know when the business is open. Has change or non-traditional hours. This is helpful when dealing with an international customer as it accommodates with their time zone. Reliability There is a sense of trust and reliability that comes with having your own brick and mortar store.Customers still feel safer buying from a store. Customers do not feel safe as there are shady websites everywhere.In a brick and mortar operation, there are primary activities and support activities Primary activities are directly concerned with the creation or delivery of a product or service and can be grouped into five main areas inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service. Each of these primary activities is linked to support activities, which help to improve their military strength or efficiency. There are four main areas of support activities procurement, technology development (including R&D), human resource management, and infrastructure (systems for planning, finance, quality, information management etc.).The chain consists of a series of activities that create and build quantify. They conclude in thetotal value delivered by an organisation. The margin depicted in the diagram is the same as added value which expresses the way a business differentiates itself through configuration of its value chain. The drivers for product differentiation and value creation are policy choices (what acti vities to perform and how), linkages (within the value chain or with suppliers and channels), timing (of activities), location, sharing of activities amongst business units learning, integration, scale and institutional factors.Eg Inbound Logistics (receiving and storing materials for distribution for production)Registration* Provide informationEg. -Categories Product-Build Database-PaypalOperations (transforms inputs into ideal products)Eg. AdvertisementValue Chain Model of E-baySales and Marketing (promoting and merchandiseing the product)Outbound Logistics (entails storing and distributing finished products)Eg -Removed Product Eg -Before Sale Service Service (maintenance and repair of the firms goods and services) -Shipment -After Sale ServiceThe Virtual Value ChainHowever in an online operation, value chain goes through three phases. The first phase is Visibility, where businesses co-ordinate, prise and at times control business processes. The second phase is Mirroring Capa bility, where physical steps in the value chain are substituted with virtual ones to make a parallel value chain in the marketplace with methods that are better, faster, more flexible, and lower at cost.The third stage happens when companies use the flow of information in their virtual value chain to create new customer relationships by delivering value to customers in new ways. There are different approaches to changing the value chain and it is not necessarily shorter. This is called Intermediation. In some cases however, one or two links have been removed in the value chain. For example, a business that had previously sold to retailers via distributors might make a decision to sell direct automatically. This approach is called Disintermediation. In shortening the value chain, it reduces costs and there is a more responsive and cost-effective service.Online businesses in addition at times, introduce new steps to the value chain as new players find fresh ways to add value to the process. This is known as Reintermediation. Examples of online operations that take this approach are shopping portals and electronic insurance brokers. The creation of new intermediaries that could not have existed before the arrival of the online business and the Internet is called Cybermediation. Cybermediation comes in categories, including Searching, Price Discovery, Logistics, Settlement and Trust. Examples of online operations that use cybermediation are comparison-shopping sites such as Kelkoo and bank account ingathering services like Citibank.Theorganicgrocer.com bases their business on market research. The defrayals made by the customers are made online using a protected encrypted facility administered by a national bank. Apart from that, they have a vehicle route that makes sure that deliveries are maximized, and aggregated ordering of stock that only produces products that are ordered and purchased by customers. Theorganicgrocer.com also has a financial system which i s a computer application that calculates all the generated profits and all its other needs. There is also another demote computer package that generates advertising material and mail-outs.Question 2What are the key processes in the online operation?Providing Efficient ServicesOnline operations basically simplifies behavior for those who do not enjoy shopping, those who are too stressed from work to shop in supermarkets and stores by combining technology with business strategy. Online businesses provide efficient service that eradicates most of the steps in traditional shopping. Online shoppers go on websites while being able to view pictures and descriptions of the product. Customers also have the option of selecting limited items by name, to work from established personal shopping profiles or lists, and to browse through electronic aisles. Apart from that, online operations make it easier for customers by accepting payment in more than one method such as, credit cards, bank debi t cards, electronic funds transfers, personal cheques, and money orders.For example, eBay is a company operating(a) on the Internet that allows for vendors of any kind to auction or sell merchandise of a variety of types. People and companies from across the world use eBay to sell items on the website. This allows people shopping for items to search through the various offerings, make bids, or opt to make direct purchases. It has become a great location for looking for hard to locate items, like collectibles. Many people also use the site to search for bargains on used items such as electronics, half-size household appliances and others. With the exception of a few illegal to sell things, at any given time eBay has a huge selection. Customers can shop by category and by specific item, or they can simply browse listings.Assembling Online OrdersApart from that, online operations will also assemble orders from online shoppers. There are mainly two common models for assembling the onli ne orders, which are the warehouse and store model. A business usually uses a company-owned and operated central distribution warehouse to store, excerption up and pack orders for delivery using the warehouse model. The warehouse model is popular among online operations as it reduces overhead costs, generates the lowest-fees possible to customers, and is very efficient. With the store model, orders are picked off the shelves of local retail stores or supermarkets. Grocery Gateway, an online grocery operation uses a direct-to-consumer online shopping model, which is the warehouse model as it uses a market displace to store, pick, and pack the ordered groceries for delivery.The model has a supply chain management system that lets groceries be delivered directly from Grocery Gateways market centre to consumers doors. The companys Customer Fulfilment Centre that provides an extensive selection of food, grocery products, and household goods, which improves the companys inventory and d elivery management. The centre also helps manage the companys growth by allowing more space capacity and helping to improve the companys accuracies by using technologically advanced radio frequency picking tools, conveyors, and scanners to make sure the processing of orders is fast and accurate. DeliveryLastly, online operations offer delivery. Some online businesses have a delivery computer program that provides time management information and point-to-point directions throughout delivery. The program takes traffic conditions, rush-hour volume, road construction, and other uncertainties that can be predicted into account. Some companies require customers to be at home to wait for the delivery. Not many can be able to stay at home therefore, other companies offer the option of unheeded delivery.

Engineering Science

The magnitude of the force per unit displaced is and thus, victimisation the equation Therefore So the end of vertical bicycle is 9. Describe an experiment using a simple pendulum to determine the value of acceleration due to gravity (g), deriving any formulae that will be required. The implies of experiments using a pendulum to determine the value of acceleration due to gravity, would be to tie a weight to the end of a piece of string, creating a pendulum. The time of the masking and forth motion the pendulum shows is called the period. It does not depend on the mass or the size of the arc, only the length and acceleration due to gravity.The formula for finding the period of a simple pendulum is Where Period Length of pendulum Transpose the simple pendulum formula to find g To solve the equations for any pendulum, time the pendulum by say 20 back and forth motions. Then record the time and divide it by 20 to find Once has been found, measure the length of the pendulum, to the centre of the weight and stimulus these values into the equations for . Now the acceleration due to gravity can be found. 10. Discuss forced mechanical shudder, resonance and damping in engineering, egg. Aircraft, bridges, ships, cars, etc.Include the sequence of events and a interpretation of the contribution of each to the final outcome. You are encouraged to draw on your own experience where you have been involved in a chill render on aircraft. Vibration can be described as the movement on a body, back and forth from its sting place when acted upon by an away force. There are three main parameters that can be measured from vibration. The first being amplitude, measuring how much vibration, frequency, measuring how many times it occurs in relation to time, and phase, which describes how it is vibrating.Forced mechanical vibration is when an external force from a mechanical im residuum causes oscillations through the system. For example when there is an imbalance on the rotor s on a helicopter, the resulting vibrations travel through the aircraft. If the vibration matches the natural frequency of the aircraft, this can cause resonance. Resonance is a potentially destructive vibration as the oscillations will stay put to grow in amplitude until the initial forced vibration ceases or failure occurs.For example the well-known ground resonance test on a Chinook aircraft, where a vibration matches the natural frequency of the fuselage and rips itself apart. The likelihood of resonance can be minimized by the use of damping. Damping is the use of systems or components to lessen the amplitude of any oscillations to limit the damage vibrations can cause. This can be done in various ways springs are used on ears suspension, steamy fluid is used in aircraft landing gear and on the Apache aircraft, rubber lead/lag dampers are used on the rotor head to minimizes the vibration from the blades.An example where forced mechanical vibration leading to resonance has re sulted in failure is the give of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Washington State, USA in 1940. Problems began to arise when on specially bring upy days, construction workers on the bridge noticed that the deck oscillated vertically giving the bridge the nickname Galloping Grittier, nevertheless the bridge was opened to traffic on 1st July 1940. The Galloping motion continued and various attempts to correct it proved ineffective. These included bare(a) strengthening cables and hydraulic dampers.Fig 1 On the day of the bump, 7th November 1940, the wind speed was MPH which resulted in, at first small oscillations of the deck. The wind caused a phenomenon known as rare elastic fluttering (fig 1), where the centre of the deck stay still and either side of the bridge twists in opposite directions. This then escalated into a resonance effect as the oscillations increased periodically. Once the vibration had Ovid ultimo the bridges damping mechanisms and matched the natural frequency the result was unavoidable as resonance took hold (fig 2).Fig 2 Further damping recommendations were made 5 days before the collapse of the bridge but were too late to save it. Two solutions were proposed 1. To drill holes in the lateral girders and along the deck so that the airflow could circulate through them (reducing lift forces) 2. To give more aerodynamic shape to the transverse section of the deck by adding fairings or deflector vanes along the deck, attached to the girder fascia Lessons have been learnt from the collapse of the Tacoma NarrowsBridge, the Bronx Whetstone Bridge, similar in design to the Galloping Grittier, was reinforced with fat high steel trusses on both sides of the deck shortly after the disaster to weigh cut back and stiffen the bridge to reduce oscillations. Thankfully no lives were lost in the collapse and as OTTOMH Amman (a leading bridge designer and a element of the investigation team) said when commenting on the new design of the bridge, if errors, or failure occur, we must accept them as a price for human progress. My own experiences of vibration issues on aircraft are generally related to UT of balance rotors or drive shaft components.There have been several instances of loose tail rotor uncrystallised due to vibration from the tail rotors and cracking on a cooling fan connected to the tail rotor drive due to a fatigued bearing hangar also causing vibration. Another example of a vibration issue I have been involved with, is struggling to track and balance the main rotors due to a modification which records stress on critical components. This modification altered the balance on the blades and rotor head due to extra weight from wires. Bibliography Wisped

Finding Alternatives To Transportation Fuels Environmental Sciences Essay

There is a big fickle involvement in happening survivals to jump give the axes to replace petroleum-based open fires. The workable for bio displaces to run into the turning cleverness demands every bit good as contribute to a decrease in the nursery throttle valve emanations chiefly in the transportation musical arrangement sector. Increasing oil colour monetary value and the uncertainty about continued oil supplies checker back added more involvement in the thought of bio burns. Most treatment has foc utilise on the advantages of ethyl group inebriant and biodiesel issue in the US and Europe in footings ofJustifying mood alteration, where biofuels substitute fossil fuels and their related nursery plash emanations.These benefits apply to the bulk of states but for developing states the employment and purpose of biofuels have extra assertable benefits which atomic number 18Promotion of rustic development by drudgery a locally generated signifier of cleverness for processing and pilgrimageMaking rural employment and wealthDecrease of disforestation and set down debasement as biofuels in addition substitute for the energy stream add upd from woodMultiple practice growths female genital organ be reallocated for energy or alimentary demands depending on altering local demands and precedencesIn the current state of aff notes were in biofuels atomic number 18 a overlarge precedence policy in umteen different states. Towards of import issues such(prenominal) as nursery bumble decrease, energy security, decrease of poorness and aid to keep sustainable progress biofuels shows good positiveness. thus distant if they be non implemented in the right manner there could be more possible danger and injury than existent good. Were they could stop up doing alimentary deficits, environmental jobs every bit good as increased poorness. The inquiry is what is the best attack to take? inaugural-generation biofuels such as prick chew up ethyl alcoholic drink in brazil-nut tree, maize ethyl alcohol in US, oilseed colza bio-diesel in Ger many an(prenominal), and palm oil bio-diesel in Malaysia be made utilizing unbowed frontward engineering. The basic provender tunes for the production of first genesis biofuels ar frequently seeds or grains such as w disturb, which yields amylum that is fermented into bio- neutral spirits, or sun adverter seeds, which argon pressed to give vegetable oil which cease be wontd in bio-diesel.first-generation-biofuelsFig1 1st coevals biofuelsEven though most analyses indicate that 1st coevals biofuels have a net benefit in footings of elflike nursery gas and energy proportionateness they besides have some(prenominal) jobs. voltaic current issues for many 1st coevals biofuels be that theycontribute to high nutritious monetary values due to emulation with nutrient harvestsare an expensive option for energy security taking into history broad(a) production costs excepting au thorities grantsmake non run into their claimed environmental benefits because the biomass feedstock may non ever be produced sustainablyare speed uping deforestationpotentially have a negative impact on biodiversitycompete for scarce weewee resources in some parts.Second coevals biofuels use waste biomass and rude residue such an illustration being maize chaffs this makes them a more practical solution ( M.B. Charles, P. Barnes 2008 ) . The usage of waste biomass and easy-to-grow feedstock s has a lower environmental impact when compared to 1st coevals biofuel production ( M.B. Charles, P. Barnes 2008 ) .By utilizing specially designed little-organisms, the feedstock s tough electric cellular phoneulose is broken down into net income and so fermented. Alternatively a thermo-chemical path plunder be taken whereby biomass is gasified and so liquefied in a aff air cognise as biomass-to- crystal clear ( E.L. Kunkes, D.A. Simonetti 2008 ) .The 3rd coevals lineaments of biofuel s use improved feedstock instead so bettering the fuel devising procedure. Algae is a possible jump which commode fill frontward about 30 propagation more energy per square metre compared to set down harvests ( Anon 2009 ) , harmonizing to ( G. Warwick 2009 ) the procedure in which to pull out the algal oil is non yet up to the best of ability.Fourth coevals type biofuels combine genetically optimized feedstock s which are made in order to bring forth C with bugs in order to do the fuels ( J. Houghton, S. Weatherwax, J. Ferrel 2006 ) . To guarantee that 4th coevals biofuels are a C negative beginning of fuel the key is the gaining instruction of CO2 ( ARS National Program 2007 ) .The job on the different mitt with this is the deficiency of equal C gaining control.Examples of biofuelsVegetable oil let looseer quality oil is normally used as fuel and comestible vegetable oil is non. Used vegetable oil is going more common in being used into bio-diesel. In order for vegetable oil to be used it must be heated to cut down its viscousness either by electric spirals or heat money changers for efficient combustion.Used_vegetable_cooking_oilFig 2. Vegetable OilBiodieselIn Europe this is the most used biofuel type. By a procedure known as transesterification it is produced from oils or fats and is a liquid similar in composing to fossil/mineral Diesel.Oils are assorted with sodium hydrated oxide and methyl alcohol ( or ethyl alcohol ) and the chemical reaction produces biodiesel fatty acid methyl ( or ethyl ) ester and glycerin. peerless portion glycerin is produced for every 10 parts biodiesel. Biodiesel sample.JPGFig. 3 biodiesel sampleBio intoxicantsProduced from intoxicants strictly where the most common being ethanol and least common being propanol and butyl alcohols are produced by micro beings and enzymes by dint of the agitation of lettuces or starches which is the simplest method or by cellulose which is more complicated.BioethersBio quintessences a re cost-efficient compounds that act as octane evaluation foils. They besides enhance engine public intro whilst cut downing engine wear and toxic exhaust emanations. Reducing the sum of basis-level ozone, they contribute to the quality of the air we breathe.BiogasBiogas is produced by the procedure of anaerobic digestion of organic stuff by anaerobes. It can be produced either from biodegradable waste stuffs or by the usage of energy harvests fed into anaerobiotic digesters to supplement gas outputs. The solid by merchandise known as digestate can be used as a biofuel or a fertiliser. Landfill gas is a less clean signifier of biogas which is produced in landfills through of category happening anaerobiotic digestion. If it escapes into the ambiance it is a potent nursery gas. Biogas_pipesFig. 4 biogas pipesSyngasSyngas is a mixture of C monoxide and H is produced by partial combustion of biomass, that is, burning with an sum of O that is non sufficient to change over the biomass wholly to carbon dioxide and H2O. consentient biofuelsExamples take on wood, sawdust, grass film editings, domestic garbage, wood char, agricultural waste, non-food energy harvests, and dried manure. ( Biofuel. 2009 ) .When natural biomass is already in a fit signifier such as firewood it can fire in a range or furnace straight to supply heat or raise steam. When natural biomass is in an inconvenient signifier such as sawdust, wood french friess, grass, urban waste wood, agricultural residues the typical procedure is to densify the biomass. This procedure includes crunching the natural biomass to an becharm particulate size known as pig fuel which depending on the compaction type can be from 1 to 3A centimeter which is so concentrated into a fuel merchandise.Environmental doctorsBiofuels being produced may do a figure of environmental jobs such asLand usage alterationsExpansion in farmingChanges in agricultural patternsTransportation system of the biomass used to do biofuels Conversion of the biomass into fuelsAfter fuels are made disposal of the staying waste stuffsOver the past few old ages several surveies have shown environmental issuesCurrent analysis shows a great scope of environmental jobs and benefits that vary greatly depending on several factors such asthe type of biofuelthe biomass feedstocks and the cultivation methods usedthe engineering used to change over the biomass into fuelthe type of energy used to motive the transitionthe location where feedstocks and biofuels are producedthe intent to which a turning demand for biofuels induces alterations in land usage and land screenIn the antediluvian propagation the usage of wood and wood char were common and liquid biofuels were indispensable in the development of cars and burning engines this shows biofuels are non in the buff. Biofuels chiefly played a portion in poorer states whereas fossil fuels were the chief beginning of energy.Recent involvement has largely been in biofuels of liqu id signifier as these can easy replace fuels used for transit without major(ip) alterations needed. The difference in monetary value between liquid fuels and solid fuels is extremely wedged due to the convenience of liquid fuels ( FAO 2008b ) .Graph 1 below shows the difference in cost for burn which is a solid and rough oil a liquid over the clip of 50 old ages by looking at the graph we can clearly see the difference in monetary value turning dramatically making 2007 oil costs 12 times more than coal for tantamount energy.oil V coal monetary valueGraph 1 US crude oil & A coal monetary valuesFood Vs FuelFor the production of ethyl alcohol sugar cane which largely comes from Brazil and maize which comes largely from the US are used. For biodiesels rapeseed, canola oil, soya edible bean and oil thenars are used.Since these harvests are besides used for nutrient shows us clearly that there is strike competition between nutrient and biofuel for harvest production this competition is already doing major strain on planetary nutrient supplies.Harmonizing to ( FAO 2008a ) is was recorded in 2007 that merely 5 % of the planetary production of cereals rice, wheat, maize was used in the production of biofuels and the bulk of it was used for direct ingestion for worlds or for carnal provenders. However cereal usage for biofuels is increasing at a oftentimes higher rate than that of nutrient usage. Besides it is recorded that from 2006 to 2007 there has been an addition of 37 % usage of maize in the US to do ethyl alcohol ( FAO 2008a ) .From 2006 Brazilian sugar cane covered an republic of 7 million hectares half of this country was used for ethanol production and the other half for sugar production. In 2007 the production of sugarcane country was about 10 % of the sum. Most of the enlargement was on grazing land 65 % , 17 % on soya bean and 5 % on maize and orange. Since carnal denseness in Brazil is really low it seems that the loss of about 0.5 million hectares of grazing lands in Brazil is non impacting the meat production. A little addition in carnal denseness can accordingly balance out the losingss of grazing land. But so far from what it seems sugarcane spread hostile expedition in Brazil is non doing any excess twitch per unit bowl on the nutrient monetary values in the state ( Goldemberg J. , S. T 2008 ) .A major job in Brazil is the supplanting of soya bean from Central Brazil by sugar cane in the way of the Amazon part which adds guide per unit area of deforestation in the country ( Martinelli, L. A 2007 ) .The potency for competition between biofuels and nutrient production go out construct up as biofuel production additions. Even if non-food harvests are used as the feedstock for the biofuels the possibility for competition with nutrient production stable exists if the biofuel harvests are grown on land capable for nutrient production ( searchinger 2008 ) .Emissions of Greenhouse gasThe most recent analyses show a positi ve benefit on the net nursery gas emanations for the usage of liquid biofuels where there are little differences for corn-ethanol to a significant greater difference for production of ethyl alcohol from sugar cane or biodiesel from palm oil ( Gallagher, E. 2008 ) .Corn used to bring forth ethyl alcohol can hold both a net positive and negative consequence of over 30 % when compared to fossil fuels in conformity to chart below corn-ethanol scope from 12 % to 20 % for the think about net nursery gas nest eggs which is taken from recent analyses ( Searchinger 2008 ) .Most analyses have concentrated on how biofuels have effected nursery gas emanations by concentrating on how much part CO2 plays. Even though CO2 is a major cause of planetary heating there are besides other gases which play a major portion such as azotic oxide ( N20 ) and methane ( CH4 ) . Harmonizing to ( Prather et al. 2001 ) azotic oxide can be up to 300 times greater in its ability to warm the planet than CO2 for an tantamount mass over a 100 twelvemonth mean period.net sparing in nursery gas emanationsGraph 2 Net nest eggs in nursery gas emanations in comparing to fossil fuelsIn dirts, deposits and H2O azotic oxide is created accidentally as a side consequence of bacterial processing of N. The increased usage of N fertiliser is the chief ground of the planetary addition in N2O fluxes where merely some of this moves straight from agricultural Fieldss to the ambiance. Most the flux occurs in downstream aquatic ecosystems which get the N befoulment chiefly from carnal waste every bit good as agricultural Fieldss. Overall, about 4 % of the N that human activity introduces into the environment ends up as N2O in the ambiance.Biofuel production is clearly lending to the planetary N2O flux given that biofuel harvests often are greatly fertilized with man-made N fertiliser, largely in industrial states. An of import idea for most analyses of net nursery gas emanations from biofuels is that they mere ly consider the current degree of production and do non undertake the impacts of land usage alteration that can be an add-on to the spread outing usage of biofuels.In the United States when more land is used for turning harvests for biofuels feedbacks through the planetary economic system can be given to ensue in land transitions which even include tropical deforestation in other states. These alterations in land can hold really harmful jobs on nursery gas emanations and demands to be included in the net nursery balance of the biofuels. For maize ethanol the emanation of nursery gas is doubled compared to flack fossil fuels because of indirect land ( Searchinger 2008 ) .To utilize liquid biofuels for transit might non be the best of thoughts in order to increase energy security or to cut down nursery gas emanations whereas a more efficient usage may be in stationary installations to bring forth electricity or heat.The critical issues for both Greenhouse gas emanations and nutrient production are which land types pull up stakes be converted to biofuel harvests and the harvests that will be grown. If biofuel production is targeted towards lands earlier converted to agriculture but non presently being used for harvest production such as abandoned farmland the Greenhouse gas and biodiversity effects will be much more positive than if biofuel production causes the direct or indirect transition of natural ecosystems ( Campbell 2008 ) .Harmonizing to the current rating if biofuels are produced in ways that cut down transition of home ground e.g. by using waste merchandises, well increasing outputs, and aiming ruined grazing land and discarded cropland, biofuels could play a positive function in extenuating clime alteration, heightening environmental quality, and beef uping the planetary economic system.Biofuels and WaterCrops and biomass for nutrient or energy need big sums of H2O ( Molden 2007a ) . Water demand at the current clip for harvests is modest but easy t his can lift as energy monetary values lift due to increased biofuel production due to business concerns over the impacts of nursery gas emanations. This leads to more competition between nutrient and biofuel for land and H2O this will use more force per unit area particularly in H2O scarce countries.There are plenty land and H2O resources to feed the universe but if today s environmental and nutrient tendencies carry on this will take to H2O crisis in many parts of the universe every bit good as many possible H2O jobs unless sufficient policy steps are implemented harmonizing to a recent appraisal on H2O direction in agribusiness ( CA 2007 ) .The H2O demands of energy derived from biomass are about 70 to 400 times more than that of other energy bearers such as fossil fuels, air current, and solar. More than 90 % of the H2O needed is used in the production of the feedstock ( Gerben Leenes 2008 ) .Effectss on aquatic ecosystemsStream flow decrease and legislationReduced watercourse flow and in utmost instances dried up rivers are cause due to H2O backdowns from rivers, lakes and groundwater for irrigation. Some lakes are shriveling because of over extraction upstream illustrations being Aral Sea and Lake Chad ( Falkenmark 2007 ) .Wetland debasementWetlands give of import adaptable ecosystem services for H2O resources such as saving of inundation and deposits, groundwater recharge, base flow ordinance, natural filter, biodiversity. Water ordinance and drainage for agricultural intents may be two of the prima causes for loss in wetland countries ( Finlayson and DCruz 2005 ) .Water qualityDirect impacts come from fertiliser, pesticide and weedkiller application. Nutrient contamination has of import impacts on the quality of groundwater and river H2O and may ensue in eutrophication of wetlands. Other water-quality jobs relate to the sewerage produced in the production of biofuels.Changes in H2O tabular arraiesOver pumping of groundwater resources taking to groun dwater diminution and endangering the sustainability of the resources occurs in India, China, Mexico, western USA and Pakistan, among others ( Shah 2007 ) . Rising groundwater degrees is a major job in with dirt salinization in Australia and other countries. Salts have moved into the surface soils so that big piece of lands of land have become less suited or even unserviceable for agribusiness ( Anderies 2005 ) .Where groundwater is lively over pumping leads to groundwater diminution but where groundwater is saline and unserviceable for agribusiness, ooze from irrigation leads to a rise in the ground-water tabular array, salinization, and stagnating H2O, therefore rendering land unserviceable for agribusiness.Changes in overflow due to set down usage alterationsThe consequence of transition of woods into croplands is really place-specific depending on incline, dirt, rainfall strength and land screen. Little is set of the possible hydrological impacts of large-scale transition of waste land into jatropha plantations in India, which will increase harvest transpiration, infiltration and shadowing but will settle dirt vaporization ( Calder 1999 ) .Moisture re make passChanges in land usage can easy change evapotranspiration rates e.g. from large-scale deforestation and therefore these alterations can change local clime ( Falkenmark 2007 ) .Possible tracts to cut down inauspicious environmental effectsImproved H2O productiveness and better H2O direction aimed at providing a salmagundi of ecosystems every bit good as less usage of H2O intensive feedstock s can cut down some effects of biofuel systems on H2O resources. These methods are explained in more item below.Less H2O demanding harvestsSugarcane and maize need a batch of H2O. In the chief sugar cane countries in Brazil, where rainfall is abundant this is non an issue, but in countries with insufficient or undependable rainfall they need big judges of irrigation H2O. Scientist are making experiments with le ss demanding harvests such as Jatropha in India which can be grown on dry conditions.Increasing H2O productivenessThere is thought into bettering H2O productiveness by cut downing the sum of H2O needed for harvest production and go forthing more H2O for other utilizations such as the environment ( Molden 2007a ) . Such H2O direction patterns include H2O harvest home, auxiliary irrigation, preciseness irrigation, and dirt H2O preservation patterns. Factors outside H2O include betterments in dirt birthrate, control of plagues and diseases, subsidies and better markets. Reuse and recycling of H2O may already be high and sensed losingss and inefficiencies lower than by and large assumed ( Seckler 1998 ) .Pull offing H2O for multi functionalityMany of the H2O jobs come from large-scale monocultures managed for one ecosystem service either agricultural or biomass production. Increased outputs can travel manus in manus with decreased environmental impacts through increased H2O efficiency, improved H2O quality and increased C segregation ( Pretty 2006 ) . Biofuel can give both benefits and jobs to the H2O sector where it largely depends on the pick of feedstock, location of production, current productiveness, predominating agricultural patterns and the manner H2O is managed.With appropriate steps in H2O direction taking topographic point this could greatly cut down the environmental impacts and assist reconstruct debauched ecosystems. This will depend on how successful these alterations in agricultural direction patterns are brought. Multiple attacks to happening originative solutions are needed to guarantee sustainable production of biofuels.Crops for BiofuelEnergy is needed for every life being on our planet it is required for growing, reproduction, care and motive power this energy is provided by workss. The same energy is originated from the sun which flows from workss through a network of consumers and decomposers and bit by bit returns the bearer molecule CO2 to the ambiance. Another illustration which is more sudden is fires happening of course from buoy uping work stoppages or by the activity of adult male which is chemically similar to the release of solar energy accumulated by workss. humankind every bit good as some other animate beings use workss for building but worlds have combusted biomass under certain conditions to provide heat for heat and cookery in both stationary and grip.Due to concerns about the expected exhaustion of oil, energy security and high energy monetary values every bit good as planetary warming the hunt for alternate beginnings of energy is due. Chief focal point is to seek energy for transit of liquid signifier which consumes 50 % of entire usage of crude oil. When the first major crude oil monetary value rise occurred in the 1970 s there was a batch of involvement and analysis of energetic efficiency of agribusiness in general where Diesel engines were ab initio designed to run on vegetable oil. The usage o f biofuels did non nevertheless continue to increase because the monetary value of crude oil fell every bit good as the force per unit area to besides develop alternate beginnings. The current state of affairs we are in is nevertheless more complex and this is because crude oil monetary values are lifting because the demand exceeds the production.About all renewable liquid conveyance fuel comes from biodiesel and bio ethyl alcohol from a little sorting of harvests. Fuels such as man-made gasolene and Diesel which are besides liquid fuels play minor functions. However biogas, H and electricity which are non liquid conveyance fuels are besides produced from biomass.Bio ethyl alcohol is produced by agitation of glucose and fruit sugar which are merely obtained from sucrose harvests such as sugar cane or sugar Beta vulgaris. Glucose and fructose can every bit good be make by hydrolysis of starches from grains, tuber harvests e.g. murphy and manioc. tempest is followed by distillment and desiccation both energy demanding stairss to bring forth fuel class intoxicant. Burning biomass residues or byproducts as usually done in sugar cane refineries can supply some of the energy necessary in treating. Fermentation produces organic co-products that find usage as carnal nutrient.Biodiesel is formed chemically by trans-esterification of vegetable oils obtained by physical and or chemical separation from oilseed harvests. The procedure reduces long branched molecules less appropriate as fuel to short straight-chained fatty acid methyl esters of lower viscousness and higher cetane figure which are more easy combustible. Trans -esterification utilizations methanol or ethanol and produces glycerol as a coproduct.Future options and possible for enlargementTo increase biofuel production ideally harvest country and or harvest outputs will hold to increase by utilizing harvest residues and dedicated energy harvests every bit good as using more efficient extraction and transitio n methods. At a planetary degree enlargement of biofuel production must be achieved in the context of 50 % addition in nutrient production by 2030 which explains current concern with moral, nutrient security, agronomic, and ecological issues associated with biofuel production ( Thompson 2008 ) .Greater harvest country but largely greater harvest outputsTable 1 below shows portion of the entire land country and the entire land country which is non limited by incline, low rain autumn and dirt quality ( FAO-AGL 2003 ) . It shows that merely a little sum of land does non see terrible limitation for rain Federal cropping. This analysis does non widen to the productiveness of land with rough bounds. These land usage transitions force of import ecosystem services and openly vie with the lands other possible values. Due to this a sustainable addition must come from better productiveness of bing land. This is possible by site specific combinations of better production methods, better cultiva rs and in most instances more inputs of fertiliser and irrigation.universe distribution of area.JPGTable 1. Land country non limited by incline, low rain autumn and dirt qualityIn recent decennaries harvest productiveness has improved by turning possible outputs every bit good as decreases in the output spread by better timelier operations, more fertilisers, better weed and insect and pest control. demeanor of workss has improved altered cultivars, opposition to disease and late with biotech methods opposition to insects and better weed control through weedkiller opposition.If to increase planetary nutrient production will do a terrible bound on land accessible for conventional feedstock production where at the same clip could duplicate the measure of residues available for transition to biofuel. Extra additions in nutrient supply can besides allow irregular parts from grain excess.Handiness of biomass is highly site specific because residues from harvests and woods are non wastes left to decompose but fodder for farm animate beings every bit good as a web of consumers and decomposers that play a chief portion in the care of dirt birthrate. Residues besides protect dirts from eroding and continue the physical construction of dirt therefore playing a important portion in minimising taint of surface Waterss. Gross remotion is non possible without impact. Crops of the maximal output will lend most.Low giving up harvests which are grown over broad countries in semi waterless zones are more likely to lend really minor(ip) because the stubble produced is needed to protect dirt and supply fodder for graze animate beings. States that want to see residues and waste biomass as options need regional stock lists of resources that can place countries of exposure to removal, degree of biomass and cost of transit.For biofuel production it is difficult to gauge how much residues would lend in footings of competition and accessibility from other energy extraction ironss. B iomass 10 % of the entire universe energy usage is biomass which the following most of import energy beginning after dodo fuel which contributes to 80 % ( FAO 2008a ) .The usage of nutrient harvest to do biofuels will go on to be a job as the universe struggles to increase nutrient production to better feed a turning population that at present includes about 1 billion who are badly ill-fed. Particular energy harvests are non an efficient manner to avoid competition with nutrient production because they besides need land, H2O, foods and other inputs and consequently compete with nutrient production. There is no evidence that non-food harvests can be grown good for energy production on land that could non besides grow harvests for nutrient.Important beginnings of biofuel are residues from agribusiness and forestry. Procedures through which this biomaterial will be transformed into fuel are non yet recognized. Similarly the sum of residues that could be sustainably utilised is unknow n in most instances. Deciding this issue of handiness of residues is a merely as of import research activity as the development of transmutation tracts.Evidence suggests biofuels can do a modest ( 10 % ) part to national transit fuel supply in states with big cropland resources relative to population size. However, few states will be important exporters of biofuels. Clearly, biofuels can non be a major beginning of transit fuel in a extremely populated and energy demanding universe.Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Electric PowerUsing thermic and biological procedures biomass can be converted into a assortment of solid, gaseous and liquid fuels. The option of procedure and merchandise depends upon the nature of the biomass feedstock and the market where it will be sold.Biomass and wood coal are solid bio energy merchandises. Gaseous bio-energy merchandises can be formed by anaerobiotic digestion ( biogas ) , thermic or supercritical gasification ( manufacturer gas, or syngas ) , or by upgrading of the primary merchandises of anaerobiotic digestion or gasification ( H and methane ) . Liquid bio energy merchandises are derived from physically, chemically or thermally processing biomass saccharides, syngas, triglycerides and bio oil/biocrude. Liquid fuel production from saccharides chiefly focuses on ethyl alcohol even though butyl alcohol, furans, isoprenes, butyl alcohol and methane seriess is besides possible to be used. Production from triglycerides on the other manus chiefly focuses on methyl esters ( biodiesel ) . Liquid fuels from bio oil and biocrude include a scope of hydrocarbons suited as gasolene, Diesel fuel or even air power fuel. Besides biomass is able to be converted to electricity which so can supply energy for transit.Electrical propulsion as an option to biofuels for transit is possible although this thought is waiting for the battery engineering cost to cut down. In the bulk of markets fuel costs for electric battery powered vehicles are predic ted to be a little per centum of that for sparkignition engines powered by gasolene ( Idaho National Laboratory 2005 ) .Graph 3 below compares the intercrossed electric vehicles ( HEV ) , internal burning engine ( ICE ) vehicles and battery powered vehicles charged by traditional electric grids based on coal fired steam power workss are comparable to gasoline fired in footings of both energy efficiency and nursery gas emanations. Conversely electricity from natural gas fired combine cycles/second power workss makes battery powered vehicles one of the most attractive vehicle platforms in footings of both energy efficiency and nursery gas emanations. by Rankine round of drinkss, Brayton cycles, of fuel cells biomass can be used as an energy beginning to bring forth electricity power.comparing of vehiclesGraph 3. Well-to-Wheel Efficiency and Environmental Impact of Vehicle Technologies.These rhythms are given in more item belowThe Ranking Cycle This involves the direct burning of f uel to raise pressurized steam that is spread out through turbine to bring forth electricity ( Singer 1991 ) . Steam power workss contribute most of the electric power coevals capacity in the universe. Rankine rhythm offer the advantage because it has the ability to straight fire coal and other cheap solid fuels.The Brayton Cycle This produces electric power by spread outing hot gas through a turbine ( Poullikkas 2005 ) . Open inflaming biomass straight to bring forth the hot gas watercourse has been found to be wild-eyed since caustic compounds carried with the gas watercourse harm the gas turbine. Gasification or fast pyrolysis of biomass to bring forth syngas or bio oil that can be cleaned before firing in the gas turbine is a more capable option. Because of the easiness of works building, potency for high thermodynamic efficiencies when employed in advanced rhythms and cost effectiveness in a broad scope of sizes ( from 10s of kW to 100s of megawatts ) makes the Brayton rhy thm one of the best engineerings for bio energy.Fuel Cells These straight convert chemical energy into work hence short-circuiting Carnot bounds for heat engines ( Dicks and Larminie 2000 ) . This does non intend that fuel cells can change over 100 % of the chemical heat content of fuel into work. In pattern the fuel cell transition efficiencies is 35 60 % depending upon the fuel cell design. Therefore fuel cells can bring forth significantly more work from a given sum of fuel than can heat engines. However carbonous fuels must foremost be converted to hydrogen before they are suited for usage in fuel cells. When finding the overall fuel to electricity transition efficiency of a fuel cell energy losingss associated have to besides be considered. At comparatively low temperatures 65 AC proton exchange membrane ( PEM ) fuel cells operate which is suited for automotive applications, job with bring forthing H is the high costs which have limited its commercial application. Most favoure d are high temperature fuel cells for stationary power coevals because of chances for heat recovery. feature rhythm power systems know that waste heat from one power rhythm can be used to coerce a 2nd power rhythm and were developed to better energy transition efficiency ( Williams and Larson 1993 ) . If a individual heat engine could be built to map between the temperature extremes of firing fuel and the ambient environment this would do combined rhythms be pointless. However temperature and force per unit area boundaries on stuffs of building have disallowed this acknowledgment. Combined rhythms use a top-flight rhythm runing at high temperatures and a bottoming rhythm runing on the rejected heat from the exceeding rhythm. Most normally combined rhythm power workss employ a gas turbine for the top-flight rhythm and a steam turbine for the bottoming rhythm accomplishing overall efficiencies of 50 % or more. Power workss based on high temperature fuel cells are on occasion incorpora ted with both a gas turbine exceeding rhythm and a steam turbine underside cycling to better efficiency even more.The Car and Fuel of the FutureA figure of alternate vehicle and fuel options are under consideration to ease the menaces of clime alteration, urban air pollution and foreign oil dependance caused by motor vehicles.Approximately 97 % of all energy consumed by our autos, sport public-service corporation vehicles, new waves, trucks, and aeroplanes is still petroleum-based.Alternate Fuel VehiclesAlternate fuel vehicles ( AFVs ) and their fuels encounter two critical jobs.In general they suffer several market place disadvantages compared to conventional vehicles running on conventional fuels. For this ground in order to win they require authorities inducements.Besides they do non supply typically cost effectual solutions to major energy and environmental jobs which undermines the authorities to step in and assist them.Other than the thought of cost effectual decreases at that place have historically been six major barriers to AFV success1. High first cost for vehicle2. On-board fuel storage issues ( i.e. limited scope )3. Safety and liability concerns4. High fuelling cost ( compared to gasoline )5. restrain fuel Stationss6. Improvements in the competition ( better, cleaner gasolene vehicles ) .All AFVs face the increasing competition from improved gasoline-power vehicles.HydrogenIt is really dubious that H vehicles will derive a batch of market incursion. A figure of major engineering discoveries and authorities inducements will be needed for them to be successful.US director of Toyotas advanced engineerings group Bill Reinert said in January 2005 that without multiple discovery we wont see many gross revenues of fuel cell vehicles until at least 2030 ( Truett, 2005 ) . Reinert was asked when fuel cell autos would replace gasolene powered autos where he replied If I told you never, would you be upset? ( Butters 2005 ) .If projected major progresss i n cost decrease and public presentation for H engineerings similar progresss should be made for loanblends, batteries and biofuels every bit good. It is really likely we will neer see a lasting, low-cost fuel cell vehicle with an efficiency, scope and one-year fuel measure that match even the best current intercrossed vehicle. Out of all AFVs and alternate fuels, fuel cell vehicles running on H are likely the least likely to be a cost effectual solution to planetary heating which is why other thoughts should hold equal policy attending and support.E-HybridsThe stopper in loanblend besides called the e-hybrid which has well lower nursery gas emanations, a much lower one-year fuel measure, a much longer scope than current autos where you can besides fuel at place and fewer rump jobs than traditional AFVs.Vehicle usage is largely for short trips such as transposing which means for a long period the auto wo nt be in usage where in this period the vehicle can be charged. Typical scope f or these autos last around 20-40 stat mis. If the electricity were from CO2 free beginnings so these vehicles would besides hold clear reduced net nursery gas emanations.Since these vehicles besides have gasoline engine means they have many advantages compared to pure electric vehicles. One of import factor is that they are non limited in scope by the entire sum of battery charge. If the battery charge is completing the auto can run on gasolene and be charged when possible.E-hybrids avoid many of the barriers these areThey do non hold a hapless scope.There are no major safety and liability issues but great attention would hold to be taken in the design of any place based system that is used for bear downing.Fueling cost is cheaper when compared to gasoline where it costs about a 3rd of the monetary value per stat mi.

Indian Luxury Consumer Essay

The Indian Luxury Consumer Rapidly maturing and looking for more than Any study of the highlife market needs to conclusively address vegetable marrow questions around the sumptuousness customer Who, What and W here. To fully understand answers to these questions, we interviewed existing and prospective customers across various locations, in derive and age groups. We also interviewed industry leaders across both sumptuousness categories on the Indian sweep a portr and the changes that they wee-wee observed over the last few days. In this section, we sh any provide answers to three basic questions 1. What constitutes extravagance in India? 2. Who is the highlife consumer?What has changed in the last 2-3 years? 3. How is the look of the opulence consumer changing? 4. What ar their specific tastes and preferences? 5. Where do they make their purchase? Luxury in India more aspirational lavishness than ultimate opulence Industry leaders across categories count that luxuri ousness is not only determined by price. Exclusivity is a far more pregnant parameter for a product or service to be called luxury. As such(prenominal) customization, uniqueness, and even understatement is important. Design, use of exquisite materials, presentation and personalized service all contri bute to luxury.Consumers also talk about exclusivity, uniqueness and appeal to personal taste. This is not as yet corroborated by increased sales of ultimate and discriminating luxury products. The majority of the market is soundless far away from this definition and brand/logo/badge evaluate drive luxury purchases very all the way. Size, flashiness, clearly visible logos, well k promptlyn brand ar the key considerations in the purchase. That said, traditional attributes such as high quality, heritage, longevity, the stories associated with brands ar beginning to emerge as drivers of purchase.Bulk of the Indian market is still dominated by the more accessible and aspirational l uxury products. Status announcing your arrival into the elect segment of the society is the biggest pauperism still. The mind pit is still that of an aspirer not that of a connoisseur. The Indian luxury consumer innovative insights The Indian luxury consumer has been studied a few quantify now. Various segments lease been identiofied by earlier studies. The old m hotshoty/new money/gold cuffs/.. (Luxury Brands) and Industrialist/Corporate/Professional/ (Economic Times A.T. Kearney India Luxury Review 2007). The snap of our consumer research was to find out how the consumer has evolved in the last 3-4 years. The accepted wisdom is that industrialists and traditionally richesy families is the big(p)st segment, senior corporate executives atomic number 18 a smaller but emerging segment and young professionals are entering the market. Our research has shown that by and salient the consumer segments that constitute the bulk of the market have not changed significantly, alth ough okr sub-segments are now more apparentMedium size enterprise owners This is the largest segment in terms of hail these are typically the medium enterprise owners industrialists and traders who spark businesses with revenues upwards of 50 cr. The source of their haping is the surpluses generated by the business. Many of these have grown as the economy grew speedyly in the last twenty years. Their wealthiness is their passport to the elite segment of the society and conspicuous habit is their way of announcing it to the society.The children who tend to be second or third generation are the bigger spenders, having been educated abroad and hence familiar with brands and the luxury way of living. They are now educating and enticing their more conservative elder generation into spending. Interviews also check that those who generate cash need to necessarily spend it and luxury goods are a good avenue for spending. These are very frequent luxury consumers and consume the enti re gamut of products and services and near assets like cars and real estate. These consumers shop around for deals and bargains, including international travel.Traditionally wealthy families / large industrialists This group comprises two sub-segments the first is the traditionally wealthy families who have been consuming luxury for several decades and go for the finer things in life. The largest business houses in the country and historically wealthy Marwari, Gujarati, Parsi, Punjabi families epitomize this class. The former(a) sub segment comprises the promoters of some very large businesses which have flummox up in the last two decades and have created disproportionate wealth very quickly.Builders, miners, diamond merchants, stock brokers, new age enterprise owners fall in this category. Many of them have migrated to the highest ladder of luxury consumption very quickly by acquiring yachts, jets, houses and really expensive cars. Corporate executives Senior executives of corp orate India who are paid in excess of Rs. 1 crore and bankers who earn big bonuses epitomize this category. These executives are well traveled and are aware of brands. Most of these are in their mid-late forties and represent some of the brightest minds in the country.Many of them though have come from middle class rachisgrounds and hence have a conservative approach on conspicuous spending. While they can well afford to spend, their propensity to spend is pocket-sized. A gradual change is being seen as they see more and more of their compatriots spend. These consumers spend on some luxury products such as watches, accessories, necessitate apparel, fine dining, international and domestic travel and high end cars. They also tend to shop on their frequent international cases to get the outflank deals.self-importance employed professionals These comprise of professionals such as lawyers, doctors and architects A small but niche segment, comprising the top stars in their profession , who have made it big. While many of these come from middle class brookgrounds, they use their new set wealth to live a good life. They shop for the entire range of products and services although are found less often at the absolute top end of the ladder. Young professionals Working in service industries these earn the least compared to the others, but since they dont have family responsibilities, the disposable part of the income is high.They are in tune with the latest fashion trends, travel abroad once in a while and guess in spending on what they fancy. They tend to consume entry level products and are infrequent consumers. Other segments Expatriates Expatriates in the country are growing and they are staying for longer periods These are on expatriate packages and are accustomed to luxury consumption in other parts of the ground. However close to of these fly back very frequently and stack up on their luxury products need on these trips. Luxury services and assets (mostly cars) are influenced in a small way by this segment.The segment is definitely driving the increasing awareness and need for luxury products Politicians and bureaucrats Interviews reveal that politicians and bureaucrats are a large segment for all luxury products, but have a much more pronounced preference for jewelry, watches, cars and real estate. Contrary to the popular perception that is generated by the flashy lifestyles of film and telly actors, they are not large spenders by themselves and collectively it is still not a large segment. Luxury consumption of film and TV stars is paid for by the producers.They alsoi shop abroad a ken. Many celebrities belong to rich business families and owe their luxury consumption to their family wealth or get a lot of luxury products as gifts. Citywise sub-segments There are sub-segments in each city that drive most of the purchases * Mumbai stock brokers, diamond merchants/exporters * Delhi industrialists, traditionally wealthy, politic ians, bureaucrats * Chennai traditionally rich, industrialists * Bangalore builders, IT top presidency * Kolkata traditionally wealthy Marwari businessmen, traders Age profile.The average consumer is still young between 30-45. This is in line with the overall demographics and is continueed to stay that way for some time. It is frankincense a young luxury market in contrast with some of the mature markets like Europe and the USA where the average consumer is much older (need some information here). Consumer Behavior We found that while the average Indian luxury customer values High Quality, Exclusivity and Social Appeal as key drivers of luxury purchase, they are also very Price Conscious and often straddled with a middle-class mindset.Corporate Professionals in particular tend to be more price sensitive than the Traditionally wealthy and Business Owners. This is also due to the fact that the average fashion consciousness of Indian consumers is still quite low most consumers prefer well known brands and make luxury purchases for brand value and not fashion value. The table below summarises the typical behavior patterns of the consumers in each of the segments Medium Size Enterprise Owners Traditionally Wealthy Families & Large Industrialists Corporate Executives Self Employed Professionals Young Professionals Average Age . sentience Low High High Medium High Fashion consciousness ( apparel and accessories) Low High Low Low High Price spirit High Low High Very High Very High Badge Consciousness High Medium-Low High High Very High proneness to buy overseas High High High High High Greater awareness rapidly increasing and the entry of brands, development of malls and magazines has helped. Compared to three-four years ago, the number of people who can correctly pronounce Chanel and Gucci correctly has increased dramatically, although there is still a long way to go.What is interesting to note is that the Indian luxury customer is maturing rapidly and brand awareness has increased significantly over the past 3-5 years. Brands are beginning to see loyal customers who have their preferred set of brands. Among brands, the pedigree of a brand is very important. There is a heritage value with luxury brands customer typically put more value on brands that have been around for many years. When it came to Indian brands, there is clearly a mixed perception. While most customers were willing to purchase luxury services from Indian players, the luxury products market still has a long way to go.Specifically in services, Indian service quality is considered to be at par with the best in the world. Within products, the categories that customer preferred have a high class value attached to it. Hence very select categories like jewellery and Indian designer apparel products are considered luxury. Fashion consciousness changing very fast, dressing for a look increasing in the metros still a long way to go in the words of one of the luxury fashion CEOs Indians are sartorially challenged.The younger members of the rich families and the young professionals are tip are leading the pack. Badge consciousness continuing, no doubt. A logo is probably the most important thing about a product. It is easier to sell a pair of sunglasses or a polo shirt where the logo is clearly visible than a shirt where it is not so obvious. Price consciousness here to stay.The entire industry acknowledges this and both the principals and the Indian parties strive hard to match prices to make it price neutral for the Indian consumer who would not mind taking a flight to Singapore or Dubai or ask someone to get it, if the difference is more than 3-5%. The economics is simple its costs 15-20,000 for a return trip (economy of course ) to Dubai or Singapore. On a product costing upwards of Rs. 200,000, this is less than 10% of the product price. That puts a limit on the amount of agio that anyone will be willing to pay for products that can be easily purchased overseas and carried back. The grey market will willingly carry products for a element of the cost of a return trip.The only exception is cars where it is not possible to bring it in either legitimately or smuggled. Propensity to buy overseas reducing but still very significant. One interesting observation is that Indian luxury customers are not averse to buying from India, just that they get there are better avenues abroad. One of the key challenges is to provide luxury shopping destinations that offer a variety of brands under one roof. While most of them purchased from boutiques in New York or Malls in Dubai, in India there are not many avenues for luxury purchase.While most consumers also make luxury purchases in India, shopping abroad is still by far the preferred option. Consumers have certain perceptions about luxury shopping in India, that have held them back making large scale and frequent purchases in the local market. Interviews with industry lead ers reveals that the consumer wants the same package here merchandise (range, freshness), convenience (location), price and hold out (ambience, service) with an extra expectation of service, given that this is India, where labor is cheap.The development of the Indian duty free has meant that Indians have an option of buying duty free products in India when they bugger off rather than carting it all the way from popular shopping destinations overseas. Consumers still believe that the widest, most recent range is not available here and that prices are more expensive here, though at least two of these clearly are myths that need to be broken. In fashion, collections are designed for the whole world once, no one creates separate collections for India and old collections are not available.Width of range is a trade-off that has to be made depending on the depth of the market, so that is a possibility. Converting the overseas market is a big challenge for retailers. Propensity to buy f rom the grey market by all accounts, this is reducing in effected brands. Concerted efforts by players to bring in the latest merchandise, efforts by brands to supply products at lower prices to India and Indian retailers willing to work on thin margins has meant that the consumer now gets a good bargain. New brands which consumers want and are not available find their way through this channel.Driver of Luxury consumption Number of HNIs, HNI Wealth or Household Income? It is generally accepted that luxury market size is positively correlated to household income (GDP/capita), the number of high networth individuals and/or their wealth. Discussions on luxury are never complete without a reference to these parameters. A correlation between the size of the luxury market, the GDP/capita, number of HNIs and HNI wealth over the years 2004-2009 shows that in terms of importance the number of high networth individuals is the most important driver, followed closely by GDP/capita and HNI wea lth.Interviews with leading luxury brands in India points to the fact that family wealth is a very strong determinant of spending than household income. Consumer interviews with traditionally wealthy families indicates a very interesting pattern they are habitual consumers of luxury and less price conscious. Some of the segments mentioned above would fall in the HNI category. However luxury consumption in India is not limited to only the HNIs.The masstige phenomenon can be observed very clearly in India. Luxury products in India are appealing to, and purchased by, middle-class consumers that do not fit the typical profile of an elite consumer segment. For these shoppers, luxury represents status and prestige, a place in society that they fit into as a result of their purchase of high-end products. This phenomenon is observed even in the large mature markets such as UK, where a large number of individual consumers buy very small volumes.Luxury goods companies develop products that r e-enforce the masstige and drive volumes. As such it is very important to look at the other indicator of the market the GDP/capita. In India given the fact that wealth is being created due to the rapid growth, growing household incomes are converting the middle class into emerging luxury consumers. As such there is a large segment (below the 1 cr income category) where while the wealth might be low, it is the incomes that are driving the consumption.Measured in PPP terms, 25 -100 lakhs in India is equal to $ XX-YY,000 of income in the US or EUR AA-BB,000 in Europe, which is definitely a luxury consumer. The above two factors combine to make the consumer spectrum in India very broad. Our research shows that sporadic/ infrequent luxury consumption for products and services begins when annual household income goes upwards of Rs. 20 lakhs, becomes frequent when annual household income crosses the Rs. 1 crore mark and becomes habitual when the wealth crosses the HNI milestone ($1 mn in liquid assets).For luxury assets, the markers are understandably much higher and even within assets, the ladder become quite steep as one goes higher. For example, consumer for private jets would be the top 200-400 richest families in the country the billionaires, super rich families (the HNIs) anywhere around 200-400 families such as the private jets, yachts and the largest houses earning anywhere upwards of 50 cr per annum or with family wealth in excess of 100 cr. The spectrum thus begins at rupee millionaires and goes all the way to real billionaires.While the small traditionally super wealthy families who know what absolute or real exclusive luxury means, and can be called connoisseurs, bulk of the incremental wealth generation in India has been the the handiwork of new age businessmen/industrialists who were not so wealthy a couple of generations ago. As the new money matures, one can expect that the tastes and preferences will also evolve. Rupee Millionaires Near Milli onaires Real Millionaires Category Household Income 10-25 lakhs 25 lakhs 1 cr 1-5 cr 5 cr+ Networth/Wealth .Estimated number of households 2,373,000 1,292,000 141,000 Typical Occupations Service Industry professionals Corporate Executives, Self Employed Professionals Medium Enterprise OwnersTraditionally wealthyCompany CEOs, top bankers Large IndustrialistsTraditionally wealthy Luxury products Low ticket value items such as leather accessories ties, cuff-links,Wines and spirits, personal care Watches, some apparel, accessories All All Luxury Services Spas, Infrequent fine dining Travel, frequent fine dining, hotels, spas All Luxury Assets Cars, YachtsReal estate, Paintings Private jets.Geographical distribution of consumers Luxury consumption in the country has so far been concentrated in Delhi and Mumbai with Bangalore being a distant third. Brands have been thinking of expanding their footprint beyond these cities and have been wondering about where their next store should be opened. We now believe that the distribution of the rupee millionaires is a good indicator of the luxury consumer distribution in the country. We also believe that for luxury consumption to take off a minimum minute mass is needed in a city.While Delhi and Mumbai continue to be the mainstay markets for luxury consumption, there are several other cities with a large base of potential luxury consumers. A look at the figure below suggests that while Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore are the top three cities, other cities also have significant potential for luxury consumption. Show a chart between the number of families (X-axis) and the growth 2006-2009 (Y-axis) and number of such households as the bubble size. Use the data below. Year 2006-07 2009-10 Income Category Annual income Rs.10,00,000/- CAGR Top 20 Cities ranked on the basis of Annual Market Size Number of Households Number of Households Delhi 132,258 348,000 38% Mumbai 98,164 347,000 52% Bangalore 101,550 126,000 7% Thane 6 9,658 137,000 25% Pune 57,130 106,000 23% Chennai 28,025 109,000 57% Ahmadabad 45,224 91,000 26% Hyderabad 26,670 69,000 37% Surat 34,457 60,000 20% Coimbatore 18,076 37,000 27% Salt Lake (Urban Areas in North 24 Parganas district) 14,373 65,000 65% Kolkata 15,790 94,000 81% Thiruvallur 17,837 22,000 7% Lucknow 20,654 29,000 12%.Jaipur 27,011 21,000 -8% Vadodara 22,911 53,000 32% Nagpur 23,637 46,000 25% Kancheepuram 13,920 24,000 20% 767,345 1,784,000 32% Source Indicus Analytics Extrapolating the growth rates seen in these cities, over the next 3 years implies that several new cities will become potential centres of luxury consumption. Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, Vadodara are high potential destinations to watch out for. A quick comparison with China shows that there are atleast 20 cities/towns where luxury brands are present. Comparison between luxury stores in India and China. LV Burberry Chanel Hugo Boss Beijing 3 2 2 9 kidnap 3 2 5 5 Other Tier I 6 6 0 8 Tier II 12 10 1 22 Others 11 13 0 43 LV Burberry Chanel Hugo Boss Mumbai 2 1 - 1 Delhi 2 1 1 1 Bangalore 1 1 - 1 Others - 1 - - We believe in the next 5-7 years, atleast 5-7 new towns will get added on the luxury map of India. We also believe that the potential in Delhi and Mumbai has not been fully exploited and that there exist a few more micro markets within these cities that need to be tapped. Pockets of wealth and good infrastructure could be the next big destinations.In Mumbai, South Mumbai, Central Mumbai, Bandra/Juhu, Powai and Thane are micro markets which are far enough from each other, have concentration of wealthy families and decent infrastructure. In Delhi, similar micro markets could be South Delhi, Gurgaon, Saket, .. In summary, while the Indian luxury market is evolving, so is the luxury customer. Understanding the nuances of the customer is extremely critical to succeed in this dynamic industry.

Character sketch Essay

Michael Finley began walking to his room, truly exasperated from the days occurrences. Michael was a diminutive adolescent with short black hair and dazzling blue eyes. Michael was clothing what he wore every single day, his decrepit blue jeans, a tangerine shirt and his bulky brown boots. Michael was a quiet and coy youth who had very few friends. Because he had very few friends , Michael became very introspective. Michael meandered aimlessly, cogitating about his fantasy. Michael fantasized about friendship, something that all people want.Michael entered his room and laid his body down on his deal remaining completely still. He started to evaluate his atrocious day. While contemplating, his immense angelic eyes became droopy, and had nearly fallen asleep. A moment passed, and suddenly the campana rang. Michael rose up from his bed and as he was opening the door, he heard sounds of laughter and discourse from the exterior. He opened the door and discovered an ingathering of his classmates. The classmates started walking into his house, seeming like they had been friends with Michael since childhood.His classmates sat down on his sofa and started to chat with Michael. Michael had not known what had happened but he didnt care because his dream was coming true. Michael and his friends talked through the wee hours of the night. At that point Michael felt that he was one of them and didnt care what happened in the past, he only cared what was happening now. Michael did something that he hadnt in a long time smile.In the morning, his friends departed after a night of celebration and companionship, and Michael walked to his room. He once again dumbfound down on his bed and started to contemplate. But this time, Michael didnt contemplate unhappily but contemplated blissfully. Michaels dream was accomplished, but there was only one difficulty it was just a dream.

Middle Ages Literature Essay

The Middle Ages had many interesting characteristics concerning the books of that time period. The important literary works incorporated elements and value cadaverous from different and conflicting traditions (Patterson 1143). For every opinion, there was another opinion to counter it. Many of the pieces of literature at this time had impertinent ideas in them or had competing interests (Patterson 1144). The literature of this time shows us that many people took the central ism of Christianity so untold for granted that their daily lives seem largely untroubled by the deterrent example and spiritual demands of religion (Patterson 1144).Another characteristic of the literature was that it alerts us to the complexities and dilemmas that any trust poses (Patterson 1144). The Middle Ages is also called the age of valiancy (Patterson 1144). The literature mainly expresses the set of the most powerful members of society, the aristocracy (Patterson 1144). The aristocracy achieved t heir power through military might (Patterson 1144). There was also an explicit code of chivalry (Patterson 1145). The values were neer entirely consistent with each other (Patterson 1145). Characters of literature had to choose whether to be a lover or a warrior (Patterson 1145).The main concerns of the literature were the demands of religious faith and appropriate use of physical force, and the individual human being working out his or her individual destiny (Patterson 1145). The literature during this time contributed to a hear of vivid characters to the world of literature (Patterson 1145). Writers created unforgettable, complex literary characters to deal with the themes (Patterson 1145). The Middle Ages contrasted to the metempsychosis because the Renaissances characters had greater autonomy and fully realized personalities (James 1883).The Renaissances literature did not judge human action by right and wrong but by beauty, memorability, and effectiveness (James 1886). Durin g the Renaissance, the presence of God was much less dominating (James 1887). Medieval men and women were more concerned with the afterlife, while in the Renaissance they had a preoccupation with this life (James 1886). The Canterbury Tales fits into the Middle Ages well with rough characteristics and not quite as well concerning others. For example, the Pardoner in The Canterbury Tales preaches the word of God on a daily basis, yet he is morally stain in his everyday life (Chaucer 1759).He preaches of greed, yet is greedy himself (Chaucer 1759). The Pardoner steals from the church, as well as innocent people (Chaucer 1758). Chaucer showed us that people took the doctrine of the church for granted. Other characters in The Canterbury Tales spoke of God and were Christians, yet didnt bother with feeling morally obligated to act right. The dilemmas of being a Christian in real-life are seen. Some of the characters are Christian but it is more complex and takes an effort to be a Chris tian. The Canterbury Tales didnt seem to have contradictory themes necessarily.Chaucer makes his views of various fond ranks known through a use of satire. The characters themselves are contradictory, as we see with the Pardoner once again (Chaucer 1758). Since Chaucer has every type of social rank represented, we see his view of these ranks, which does contradict some of the jobs or moral obligations of various people. The characters in the story itself did compete for various interests. They all held different values or beliefs about the world. Chaucer lived during this time period, so it is in a way a more realistic view rather than contradictory.The explicit code of chivalry isnt necessarily a large component of The Canterbury Tales except for perhaps the Knight and his tale. Chaucer shows that some people were focused on the chivalry act during this time. The Canterbury Tales doesnt focus on pleasing the aristocracy either. Chaucer wrote from the perspective of every social ra nk so his book was meant for the poor and rich. Its subject matter was meant to be kindly to all Medieval people. The final characteristic that The Canterbury Tales does follow is the well developed characters.Chaucer had a whole list of realistic, complex characters. These characters could rival the Renaissances characters to me. I enjoyed reading about the characters and reading even more of The Canterbury Tales online. The Canterbury Tales fits well with the characteristics of the Middle Ages for the most part. The individual characters do have an individual goal in mind. Chaucer seemed as if he cared about his characters and wanted readers to his get to know them on an individual level, which seems more ahead of his time.

Anthem Study Guide Answers Essay

1.The sins/ vituperates that comparability 7-2521 accuses himself of beSin to writeSin to think words no others think and to frame up them d avouch on paper no others are to seeWe stand committed a enceinteer crime, and for this crime there is no nameWe are al adept here under the earth. The laws say that non among work force may be alone, ever and at any time.We were born with a curse. It has always driven us to thoughts which are forbidden.2. Equality 7-2521 is happy when he hears his life mandate because he (they) knew that he was guilty, and felt as a street sweeper he would ache a way to erase his sins.3. The Council of Vocations assigns Equality 7-2521 the job of a street sweeper due to his incompetence. I say this because Equality 7-2521 is different from e authoritativeone else, so I can tell that the council, and everyone else dont like different.4. This novel takes postal service in the future. I know this because Equality refers to the men before us, and the under garment times. When he is underground in the tunnel.5. If I had Equalitys curse my teachers would most likely react to this curse by better-looking me to a greater extent ch eitherenging work to complete. Equality on the other hand isnt so lucky because his curse is of high disapproval because they believe that no one should learn faster that his brothers and if one of them is dumb all of them need to be dumb along with his brothers, and Vice- Versa.6. Equality doesnt except the moral teachings of society. In incident he does man things to go against it. He even admits in the novel that he really doesnt care. and yet there is no shame in us and no regret. We say to ourselves that we are a wretch and a traitor. But we feel no burden upon our spirit and no fear in our heart. And it seems to us that our spirit is clear as a lake troubled by no eyes save those of the sun. And in our heart there is the peace we have known in twenty years. This is an excerpt from the end of chapter one that shows although Equality knows that he has committed sins he is at peace even in his wrong doings.7. The home of the Infants is the place where you live until you are 5 years old with all the children of the city who had been born the same year everything was clean and white. The home of the students is the place where there are ten wards, for there ten years of learning. Men must learn till they reach their fifteenth year. The home of the street sweepers is for all of the street sweepers, and it is Equalitys home after he was given a career by the council of scholars. The home of the useless isthe place where everyone goes at the shape up of 40. Council of Vocations decides your job/ mandate.Chapter Two1.The character traits that are revealed are her straight and thin body, she has eyes that are dark, hard, glowing, fearless, unkind, and without guilt. She has golden hair, and is overall intimidating.2.The unmentionable times- the period we live in now that the council of eld ers forbade anyone to speak of. The unchartered forest- a forbidden place that lay near the sewage area The evil ones- those who lived in the unmentionable timesThe great rebirth- the time period/ setting of the anthem3.The word Equality is struggling with is the word I. I believe the mentioning of this word is punishable by stopping point in there society because it goes against it and would cause the rediscovery of this word. The word I contradicts the ideals of the society because it goes against the great we idea, and way of life. the rediscovery of the word I could cause some of the people to afterthought their way of life which could lead to riots, rebellion, and chaos. Chapter Three1.Equality discovers how to make light out of copper, and wires. This is a very important discovery because it would make life easier by giving them brighter light, it wouldnt burn out as quickly as a candle, and fires would be less likely.2.The council of scholars believe that everyone knows eve rything that exist, if everyone doesnt know about something then it doesnt exist. Their beliefs contradicts with Equalitys beliefs because he believes that the secrets of the earth arent for everyone but for those who seek them. Chapter Four1.Equalitys new name Unconquered is very fitting because Equality is a free willed character who hasnt been conquered by the laws & ways that everyone is expected to live by, and doesnt listen to the rules. Chapter Five1.Equalitys briny motivation in conducting his experiments is his hunger for knowledge, and to learn more of the times before the Great Rebirth. He feltjoy when he was conducting his experiments because he was learning more 2.Equality is interested in seeing his own image because he wants to know how the Golden One sees him. Equality is starting to feel the emotion of self-interest, and love. Chapter Six1.The pri newsers neer tried to escape because they felt they deserved that punishment, they felt they owed being punished to the ir brothers. Another reason they didnt escape is because they were afraid of the consequences and punishments of trying to escape. Chapter Seven1.The real reasons behind the councils rejection and fear of the gift is They are afraid of going back to the old way of technology and individualism, offending the council, and getting punished. They want to check everything as simple as possible for people so that they can rely on the council. 2.When Equality says We are old now, but we were young this aurora , he means that now he feels more hold outd, and has a better understanding of things than he did that morning before he escaped.Chapter Eight1.Equality is starting to experience love and affection for the Golden One and he is also feeling joy. Also since now Equality has become more dependent and has to hunt for his own food and feed himself he is feeling prideful. 2.Equality laughs when he remembers that he is the Damned because he doesnt feel damned at all in accompaniment he i s happy.3.In Anthem the Uncharted Forest symbolizes the unknown, and everything that came before the Great Rebirth. Chapter Nine1.While you are hopeful, curious, and wondrous other men arent. You are outspoken, and you feel pride, other men arent. You are prideful, independent, and joyful, while other men are cowards, dependent, sorrowful, and they cringe in selflessness. Chapter Ten1.The family unit that Liberty & Equality is a two story house that has a flat chapiter, and constituents of windows. It has one bedroom, a library full of books, a mirror, lights, and clothes. They found the house strange and unique becauseit had a flat roof ,and only one bedroom, this is strange for them because they are used to sleeping in a room with 30 other people. Also the house had a lot of things that they werent used to and had never seen like windows, mirrors, different clothes, and a room full of a bunch of unknown books. Chapter Eleven1.The great discover that Equality make is the word I. 2.Equality realizes that the proper goal and purpose of his life is to focus and live for yourself and to not focus on others or live for others.Chapter xii1.The main characters Equality, and the Golden One take the names Prometheus and Gaea because of who in history those names represent and because they read them in a book and didnt know of any other names. They werent allowed to have names in there old society because having a name shows individualism, and makes you different from your brothers, and sisters. 2.In his future, Prometheus plans to raise his son to be an individualist and to use the word I.